E8.+Analyze+new+patterns+of+nationalism+(fascism,+racism,+genocide,+breakup+of+Soviet+Union)

=** Fascism **=
 * They believe that a nation is a community that requires strong leadership, singular collective identity, and the will and ability to commit violence and wage war in order to keep the nation strong.
 * They strongly oppose to core aspects of the [|Enlightenment] and is an opponent of [|liberalism], [|Marxism] , and [|socialism] for being associated with failures that fascists claim are inherent in the Enlightenment.
 * Was attractive to all classes and nationalists.
 * Hitler and Mussolini used fascism in their governments

__**Italian Fascism under Mussolini**__
 * Founded by Benito Mussolini[[image:50713225.jpg width="177" height="268" align="right" caption="Benito Mussolini"]]
 * One party dictatorship
 * Outlawed other political parties, freedom of speech, free press, and association
 * Supported by businesses and crushed labor unions and strikes
 * Not aggressively anti-Semitic until alliance with Hitler in 1938

=**Genocide**=


 * **Genocide** is “the deliberate and systematic destruction of a racial, political, or cultural group”
 * The most well-known example of genocide is the Holocaust, but other genocides took place in Armenia and Russia as well.


 * __The Armenian Genocide in Turkey__**
 * 1915-1918
 * During the 1890s, many Armenians in Turkey called for political reforms, which the Sultan responded to with strict actions, calling for the massacre of over 100,00 Armenians from 1894-1896
 * The rise of the **[|Young Turks]**in the early 1900s first pleased the Armenians, but then led to problems due to the extreme [[image:http://images.politico.com/global/070424_armenianmap2.gif align="right"]] **nationalism **of the Young Turks (i.e. making Turkish the official language, expanding into the east to join with other Turkish peoples, and the focus on Islam)
 * Armenia was, however, a mostly Christian land that lay between Turkey and other Turkish groups
 * The many cultural differences often led to violent protests
 * During the first World War, the Young Turks decided for the extermination of the Armenians from their land, beginning with the massacre of 300 powerful Armenians living in Istanbul on April 24, 1915
 * Following that event, mass arrests of Armenian men took place, then the ordering of women, children, and the elderly to pack up and leave under the premise of moving to non-war zones. All taken were killed.
 * Some children escaped massacre by local Turks if they denounced their Christian faith and were given Turkish names
 * Foreign powers learned of the mass murders going on, but their attempts to help seldom did anything
 * In May of 1918, Turkish soldiers fought against the remaining Armenians to expand territory, but the Armenians gained weapons and finally held them off (Battle of Sadarabad)
 * Declared the establishment of their own nation, the Republic of Armenia
 * After the war, the **Treaty of Sevres** (August 10, 1920) was signed by Armenia, Allies, and the new Turkish leaders (the Young Turks had bailed in 1918) and recognized Armenia as an independent nation, but a new leader ( **Mustafa **) rejected these terms, and the Republic fell
 * Only a small portion survived, and only after joining the Soviet Union

__**Stalin’s Forced Famine in the Ukraine**__
 * 1932-1933
 * Ukraine seeking independence from Russian rule
 * In 1920s, much of Ukraine’s food supplies shipped to Moscow and other big cities
 * Unfortunately, a drought occurred that same year and caused both starvation and resentment toward the Soviets
 * Lenin eased up a little on taking so much of Ukraine’s grain, etc., but under **Joseph Stalin **, Ukraine spirit crushed
 * Stalin believed that the Ukraine was losing Soviet influence
 * Beginning in 1929, over 5,000 influential Ukrainians (scientists, religious leaders, scholars) arrested and either shot or sent to prison caps
 * **Kulats** (or wealthy farmers) were targeted by the Communists and their farmlands were taken away, along with all possessions
 * People were not allowed to aid these now homeless Kulat families
 * Sent to Siberia, where many died in the extreme conditions
 * Many farmers protested against Communist move to take away farmland; **Secret Police **responded by attacking resistant farmers
 * When Ukrainians asked Moscow to reduce amount of exported food, Stalin closed off all import of food into the Ukraine
 * Terrible starvation ensued, with Ukrainian people trying to live off of anything they could find –leaves of trees and bushes, cats, dogs, and other animals, and sometimes even cannibalism
 * Soviet propaganda denied the fact that terrible famine was happening inside of the Ukraine, and sometimes even speaking the words “famine” and “starvation” could get you arrested, and they went to elaborate measures to ensure that the famine went under the radar
 * In 1933, Stalin decided his message made clear and ended the food shortage, but only after a quarter of the Ukraine’s population had perished

__**The Holocaust**__
 * 1938-1945
 * Hitler came to power in 1933 with notions that the Jews were the reason for their WWI defeat and that the blonde-haired and blue-eyed were the superior race
 * **Neremberg Laws of 1935** forbade Jews in Germany to marry non-Jews and took away their citizenship, along with many other new rules that demolished their status
 * **The Night of Broken Glass (Kirstallnacht)** on November 9th of 1938 marked the beginning of the Holocaust, when a young Jewish man killed Ernst vom Rath, a German embassy official, in response to the Nazi treatment of Jews
 * When WWII began in 1939, Germany quickly invaded Poland, home to over 3 million Jews, and rounded them up in ghettos
 * Invaded the Soviet Union in 1941 and went into Shtetls, killing all inhabitants
 * Labor camps established, soon to become mass execution camps that used gas chambers
 * the Nazis kept these execution camps pretty well under cover until about 1942, when rumors of these places got out
 * Some revolts, both in and out of camps, but few worked well
 * The first camp was liberated on July 24, 1944 by Soviet troops, and the liberation of the rest soon followed
 * In total, 4 million people perished at the execution camps, while 2 million others died in the ghettos or been shot dead

=The Breakup of the Soviet Union=


 * The **USSR** (**U**nion of **S**oviet **S**ocialist **R**epublics) lasted from 1922-1991 and was made up of Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, the Ukraine, and Uzbekistan
 * The decline of the Soviet Union began around 1985, when the economy was down and reform attempts failed
 * Gorbachev came to power in 1985. He tried to reform the economy, but the reform's failure just drew attention to the faults of Centralized control of the economy
 * The Baltic people were the first to declare independence. (Aug. 1991)
 * The Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic pushed for independence
 * In August 1991, a group of conspirators tried to take power, but Gorbachev's friend, Yeltin, stopped them with the help of the Red Army.
 * Yelstin took apart the Communist Party while many more regions declared independence
 * The USSR completely collapsed by the end of 1991

** Racism **

 * Social Darwinism
 * A theory that says some races are better than others and reasons would range from biological factors (ex. health problems, fertility, etc.) to culture (ex. religion, clothing, etc.)
 * It pretty gave another reason for imperialists to imperialize other countries and to make everybody “perfect”
 * theorized by Herbert Spencer and was based off Darwinism.
 * Made** **by:** Natalee Nordfelt, Miki Holmes, and Lindsey Cook

Evaluated By: Ryan M, Brad, and Ben from 1st Period- Great use of images!! Evaluators: Bobby Ferrar, Ross Warren, Hailey Lindsey...great use of headings. Evaluated: Thomas Luppi: Looks fine here, changed around some pictures to make it flow nicer, hopefully.