E9.+Describe+social+reform+and+revolution+(changing+gender+roles,+family+structures,+rise+of+feminism,+and+internation+Marxism)

Changing Gender Roles:
 * World War I
 * WWI took men out of the labor force, women took their places
 * women took "male jobs" out of combination of patriotism and high wages
 * took over management of farms and businesses, worked as postal workers, police officers; behind battle lines, worked as nurses, physicians, communications clerks
 * most crucial work was the making of [|shells]; several million women worked in munitions factories; many died in explosions
 * many women suffered from [|TNT poisoning] from assembling TNT explosives
 * this female empowerment, however, proved to be temporary as men returned from war with gender role expectations and the continuance of pre-war life (edit by Will)
 * World War II
 * British women served as noncombatant pilots, operated balloons to snag Nazi aircrafts out of the sky, drove ambulances/transport vehicles, labored in fields to produce more food; more than half a million in British military
 * American women joined emergency volunteer service called [|WAVES]; approximately 350,000 in U.S. military
 * Soviet and Chinese women carried weapons and engaged in combat; joined resistance groups

Family Structures:
 * in [|Cold War] society, U.S. leaders held families to be the best defense against communism; women encouraged to stay home and take care of family (celebrated the differences between Soviet and American society, especially the application of home appliances, in order to inspire patriotism and "American" family structures)
 * with increasing pressure to conform during the Cold War (US government's Communist "witch hunt"), many tried to retreat to home with family instead of risk the outside world (particularly the atomic threat); "domestic containment"
 * family structure highly politicized because of population control issue
 * U.N. agencies aided many countries with family-planning programs
 * China's [|one-child policy] significantly reduced growth rate
 * other cultures still favor larger families (i.e. India)

Rise of Feminism: - Feminists
 * took global impact in early 1960's
 * in United States [|Presidential Commission on the Status of Women] found great disrespect towards women in the workplace and in many aspects of everyday life
 * fought for legal reforms to give women overall equality
 * developed as women contested the forcible return to the home from war work (higher female employment than WWII) and the shame associated with not conforming to publicized domestic ideals
 * they protested in the streets, writing books such as [|The Feminine Mystique] by Betty Friedan in 1963 (exposed the unhappiness of women in "ideal" domestic situations)
 * many Feminists founded the [|**National Organization for Women**]
 * adopted Marxism/anticolonialism language to demonstrate female oppression, male colonization of the femal body, and justify women's liberation

International Marxism:
 * Rise of Marxism
 * Began with Carl Marx and Friedrich Engels with their scorning of Utopian Socialist (mid to late 1800's)
 * scorned capitalists for their beliefs and lack of improvement for their society
 * Communist Manifesto-worked to create a society without private property and eliminate social classes
 * Marxism grew rapidly during 19th cent.
 * Spread of Marxism/Communism
 * Russia
 * WWI (1917) Russia experiences difficulties, Nicholas II abdicates throne, provisional government replaces him
 * Vladimir Lenin returns to Russia after being exiled
 * Welcomed as a hero and devout Communist (based-off Marxist equality and governmental control)
 * Sought to create a Communist rule in Russia
 * Civil War that ended in Lenin and Bolsheviks taking control
 * Russia --> U.S.S.R. (Communist)
 * Post-WWII
 * following WWII, the U.S. and Soviet Union came upon a disagreement of what would happen to the (now liberated) countries that Hitler and the Nazis had conquered
 * U.S.- wanted countries to become more democratic or at least allies to the democracy
 * U.S.S.R.- wanted countries to become more communistic or at least allies to the communist
 * Decision: Europe would be split in half (through Germany). West would be allied against the communists, East would become communist allies
 * As a result
 * Truman Doctrine: showed U.S. perception of the world being split into free and enslaved people. Included new interventionist foreign policy dedicated to the "containment" of communism
 * 1949: NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Alliance) is formed by U.S. as an allied force against Soviet aggression
 * 1955: Warsaw Pact signed by 7 communist nations as a response to NATO
 * These two treaties signaled the militarization of the cold war
 * China
 * 1920's-Become interested in Marxism as affected by Lenin (Marxist-Leninism or Maoism)
 * Chinese Communist Part (CCP) organized
 * Was not a traditional Marxist government in that there was no dynastic rule to oversee affairs
 * Latin America
 * Many new political parties with ties to José Carlos Mariátegui, a Marxist intellect
 * Mariátegui (1928)-establishes Socialist Party of Peru
 * Worked on Peruvian Communist Party until his death

Creators: Austin Taylor, Harley Ralph, Natalie Grazian

Evaluated by: Cathy White (nicely structured), Will (good job, just added minor details)
 * WWII: Comfort women- forced onto Chinese and Koreans by Japanese