C8.+Cultural+and+intellectual+developments+in+China+and+Japan+-+Ming,+Qing+and+Tokugawa+Shogunate

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= Qing =
 * ===Basics[[image:http://www.chinaposter.de/kaiserreich/qianlong-kaiser.jpg width="139" height="155" align="right" caption="Qianlong"]]===
 * Qing= "pure", ruled China from 1644-1911, homeland in Manchuria
 * Nurhaci was the chieftain that unified the Manchu tribes into a centralizing state with a code of laws and organized military force
 * Qianlong
 * His reign was the height of the Qing dynasty
 * Cancelled tax collections due to imperial treasury bulging, delegated responsibilities to eunuchs
 * ===Intellectual/ Religious===
 * Son of Heaven
 * Emperor of Qing dynasty was the human being designated heavenly powers to maintain order on earth
 * Scholar Bureaucrats
 * Day to day governance fell to them, came from a class of well educated men (scholar-gentry), passed civil service exam
 * Civil service exam= only men, memorized Confucian curriculum, those who pass the metropolitan level will earn a degree and position in imperial bureaucracy
 * ===Social/Culture/Economic===
 * Qing achieved goal of restoring traditional ways in China
 * Patriarchal Society (tighter than ever in China)
 * Filial piety and veneration of ancestors
 * Confucian principles subjected women to authority of men
 * Footbinding= linen bound feet so they could not grow naturally, performed by wealthy class women
 * Social classes
 * Privileged class (gentry), working class (peasants, artisans, merchants), and lower classes (mean people/slaves)
 * Confucian view: land was source of everything praiseworthy
 * American food crops were introduced into China (maize, sweet potatoes, peanuts)[[image:http://www.chinatownconnection.com/images/qingdynastymap.gif width="231" height="164" align="right" caption="Qing Dynasty"]]
 * Population grew: from 100 million in 1500 CE to 225 million in 1750
 * Qing government tried to end maritime activity
 * In 1661, emperor Kangxi ordered evacuation of southern coastal regions. He allowed only Portuguese to operate at port of Macua and British at merchant guild in Guangzhou
 * Technology: Qing regimes favored political and social stability over technological innovation, hired workers at lower costs than investing in new technologies
 * ===Tradition/New cultural influences===
 * Neo-confucianism= created by Zhu Xi, emphasized self discipline and filial piety
 * Confucian education
 * Kangxi had a collection of books
 * Qianlong had a library of the four treasuries
 * Christianity in China
 * Matteo Ricci showed tolerance and flexibility in order to convert the Chinese (unsuccessful)

= Tokugawa Shogunate =

[|Background information on Tokugawa Shogunate] Tokugawa Ieyasu []-Reference
 * Basics
 * 12th-16th century in Japan
 * Japan ruled by a shogun (military governor) while emperor was just a figurehead
 * Conflicts between shoguns and retainers led to era of sengoku ("The Country at War")
 * End of 16th century- Military chieftan, Tokugawa Ieyasu, created a military government called the Tokugawa bakufu ("Tent Government")

Main Aim of Government ** []-Reference
 * Stabilize Japan and prevent return of civil war
 * Control daimyo ("Great Names") who were powerful landlords of Japan who operated as rulers within their land/domain
 * Controlled by being required to maintain families at town of Edo and had to spend alternating years at the Tokugawa court
 * Marriage alliances between daimyo had to be approved by bakufu
 * Daimyo couldn't visit each other
 * Daimyo had to have permits to perform construction on their castles
 * Relationships with the Outside World
 * Closely controlled; thought foreign societies would form alliances with the daimyo and destabilize Japan
 * Restricted foreign relations
 * Permitted some Chinese and Dutch merchants to trade
 * Controlled foreign trade
 * Wanted to establish a distinctive Japanese identity- Japanese pride (Believed themselves to be superior to others)
 * Economic/Social Change
 * New agricultural techniques/technologies
 * Increased agricultural production, which brought population growth
 * Japan underwent a demographic transition; population control in order to maintain standards of living
 * Infanticide
 * contraception
 * Abortion
 * Chinese cultural influence; Confucian values: filial piety and loyalty
 * Daimyo and samurai lost places in society
 * Flourishing cities, merchant wealth
 * Study of Chinese language/literature
 * Neo-confucianism
 * Sometimes discouraged by those who wanted "native learning"
 * Shinto religion
 * Floating worlds (public baths, theaters, brothels), Poetry
 * Christianity
 * Unseccessful missionaries- anti christian campaigns
 * Dutch scholars brought news about outside world to Japan- began to become influenced by Europeans

[|Tokugawa Japan video]

= Ming =
 * **Basics/ Ming government**

- Restored native rule to china from Manchurian rule.
- Founded by Hongwu, drove mongol influence out of china and built tightly centralized government

-means "Brilliant" ruled from 1368-1644 -had extensive trust in mandarins and eunuchs.


 * **Ming Accomplishments**

- Emperor Yongle launched a series of naval expeditions to spread the chinese culture and ideals, EDIT: Also commissioned the Yongle Encyclopedia

-The great wall was completed and perfected to keep empire safe -
 * **Ming Decline**

-Pirates and smugglers looted coastal chinese regions and killled many thousands of people

-Many internal governmental affairs led to a decline as well -eunuch influence created economic problems and weakened the ming gov. EDIT: Emperor Wanli one of also created some irreversible effects due to his incompetence
 * **Ming collapse**

peasants to have to start eating grass and tree bark and roots.
 * -** A series of famines and disease struck chinas crops, shortening them of edible food, caused

government directly. Manchu forces wiped out the rebels and took over the ming as a reward.
 * -** Peasant revolts,due to famine, rampaged through the communty and threatened

Created by: Mady Maio, Connor Wade, and Dakota Ringer Edited by: Jake Gomrick, Gabi Pietkiewicz, Ray Organ Evaluated by Greg Cotten, Sam, and Beccy (the population growth was unclear and had a typo, and there is what apeared to be a heading that didn't look like a heading)