C1.+Compare+colonial+administrations

=**__AFRICA__**:=

__Ancient Colonization:__
 * colonization of North Africa by Europe and Western Asia- mainly Greeks
 * **Alexander the Great** founded **Alexandria** in Egypt
 * North Africa eventually fell to the Arabs who brought Islam

__Early Modern Colonization:__
 * Arab trade with sub-saharan Africa brought colonization in the East
 * Morocco attempted to conquer areas of Africa in the **Moroccan War**
 * European expeditions concentrated on conquering coastal regions
 * Europeans knew little about internal parts of Africa

__African Empires:__

//1. Kingdom of the Kongo// -Portuguese established trade outposts on coast of west Africa -established in Congo river basin -Christian missionaries causes conversion -**King Afonso**
 * wanted to create African version of Christianity
 * against the slave trade


 * -Dona Beatriz**
 * starts Anthonian movement
 * was seen as heretic
 * taught Jesus and Mary were African

//2. Ndango Rule//
 * Queen Nizinga Nzinga, not Nizinga of Angola [[image:webkit-fake-url://FB13A91C-597F-4051-B337-80050F85D4F1/rebellion-04.jpg caption="rebellion-04.jpg"]] **
 * fought Portuguese
 * 1st European colony in Africa
 * establish Angola
 * dies after and Portuguese colonize Ndango

//3. Songhay// -after Mali empire -capital- **Gao -Sunni Ali** founded- Muslim -used saharan trade routes -strong military forces

//4. Swahili City-States// -on east coast of Africa -mostly Muslim society -Portuguese set up trade centers and forces tribute -**Vasco da Gama**
 * settles here
 * sets up trade centers
 * forces tribute to be paid
 * he was Portuguese

__African Slavery:__
 * resembled feudalism
 * used to increase production and population
 * treated well but lower in society
 * **@Triangular Trade**

The Scramble for Africa (19th Century through WWI) Portuguese get Angolia and Mozambique French get Algeria -colonized central Africa** -established presence in Egypt -British later take over Cape Town**
 * Berlin Conference held in 1884, dividing up African boundaries*** and not a single African was present**
 * Europeans remained a presence throughout Africa
 * had small outposts
 * large posts-
 * cluster of colonies by British and Dutch
 * Dutch East India Trade Company (VOC) established Cape Town in South Africa and controlled it until the Brits came in 1795
 * the Dutch (known as Boers or Afrikaaners) moved inward and were left alone until they discovered diamonds, then the Brits followed = Boer War
 * Cape Town was supply station for ships and home to
 * commerce centered around gold, ivory, slaves, textiles, guns, oils
 * King Leopold II- Belgium
 * -employed** Henry Stanley **to establish colony in Congo Free State
 * Dr. David Livingstone- **British**
 * -searched for source of the Nile
 * **"**concessionary companies**"- private companies that were given large amounts of land**
 * Frederick D. Lugard**- British colonial administrator**


 * Portuguese:**
 * established trading outposts along east coast
 * Angolia and Mozambique- small outposts
 * controlled Kongo and tributary system with Ndango
 * Queen Nizinga fought
 * Vasco da Gama controlled Swahili city- states

English:
 * began to control clusters of colonies in Africa
 * Dr. David Livingstone began exploring Egypt
 * took control of Cape Town
 * British colonial administrators created concessionary companies

Dutch :
 * began to control clusters of colonies in Africa
 * Dutch East India Trade Company (VOC) established Cape Town
 * used as supply staFdutch eastion for ships

Spanish:
 * Spain had very little control of Africa
 * few small outposts along the coast of Northern and Western Africa

French:
 * had gained a lot of control of Africa
 * rivaled with Great Britain
 * had much of central Africa in their control

Asia/ Oceania

 * __Indian Ocean & Southeast Asia:__

Portuguese:** -controlled trade routes by forcing merchants to go to trading posts and pay taxes** -created** strict policy: **forced all ships to have safe-conduct passes, violators punished w/ execution or chopping hands -Portuguese didn't have enough ships to enforce policy FAIL**
 * trading-post empire
 * -didn't conquer land
 * used navy to enforce control
 * Alfonso d'Alboquerque**:**
 * -commander of navy in Indian Ocean
 * **had** hegemony in Indian Ocean **but weakened in 17th c. b/c of small size of country**

-enforced rule w/ small Brit ish army & sepoys **(Indian troops)**
 * English:**
 * English East India Company**(1600): efficient commercial organization;** joint-stock company**: big profits, less risk, govt. support**
 * built trade posts on Asian coasts and channeled trade through them
 * unlike Portuguese didn't try to control shipping, better ships than Port.
 * concentrated on control of India
 * -permission from Mughal emperors for trade posts**
 * mid 1700s outright conquest
 * Indian cotton & tea from Ceylon

Dutch:
 * **similar to English control,** United East India Company (VOC)**(1602): joint-stock company**
 * built trade posts on Asian coasts and channeled trade through them
 * didn't try to control shipping, better ships than Port.
 * trade posts were spread out**: Cape Town (Africa), Colombo (India), Java (Indonesia)**
 * less profits than English
 * **didn't try to convert, concentrated** spice trade
 * **by late 17th c. controlled all of Java and** most of Indonesia
 * **controlled through** alliances w/ local authorities**, direct rule in few islands**

-scattered chiefdoms** -**opened schools that taught Christian doctrine -stiff resistance from highland regions**
 * Spanish:**
 * 1565 conquered Philippines **easily**
 * -no central govt. or organized resistance
 * **by** 17th c. controlled almost all **(southern island of Mindanao resisted)**
 * Manila **became big center of trade, large amount of Chinese merchants**
 * **tried to spread** Christianity
 * Manila galleons**: fast, armed ships that brought Asian products to Mexico & silver to China**


 * __Northern and Central Asia:__

Russia:**
 * **mid-16th c. Russia took over several Mongol** khanates in central Asia
 * -more opportunities for trade w/ Ottomans, Iran, India**
 * controlled a lot of Siberia
 * **a lot of wealth/profits from** fur trade
 * didn't try to convert native peoples Russian Orthodox


 * __Australia & Oceania:__

Dutch:** -"New Holland" -eastern coast not charted until 1770 by James Cook -few encounters w/ native populations
 * Dutch VOC **recorded 1st sighting 1606 (but Portuguese got there 1570s)**
 * -reported as "arid and barren"**
 * Dutch most active in explorations

British -1830s majority of population were free settlers** -interacted & traded w/ islanders
 * British penal colony: Australia
 * -1788 Brit. fleet brought 1,000 passengers (mostly criminals)
 * explored Pacific basin

Spanish: -didn't explore or establish regular communication -stocked provisions -trade with native Chamorro people -Chamorro resisted but smallpox reduced pop. by 95%
 * little interest of Pacific Islands
 * interest only in Marianas (Guam)
 * Manila galleons stopped there
 * consolidated control 1670s-80s

French: -traded w/ natives: tools&textiles
 * explored Pacific basin esp. Tahiti

=__New World:__=

__North America (Spanish & Portuguese):__
 * colonization began in 1494 by the Spanish and Portuguese
 * ratified by the Treaty of Tordesillas
 * Spanish sent conquistadores in search of gold such as Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro
 * Spanish toppled 2 empires in North America that set a stage for colonization (Aztec- Cortes, Inca- Pizarro)

__North America (British):__
 * began in the late 1500's
 * colonized the coast line
 * colonies started as failures and many relied on the kindness of local Indian tribes
 * colonies were ran by English Joint Stock Companies

__Hawai'i:__
 * discovered in 1778 by Capt. James Cook
 * traded with sailors things like pigs for metal objects
 * became used for sugar plantations

__Haiti (Saint Domingue):__
 * French colony used for sugar plantations
 * it was a part of the island of hipaniola located in the caribbean
 * a successful slave revolt from 1791-1804 overthrew the French off the island
 * the black slaves and indigenous people of the island became the new elites
 * none of the work changed, citizens went about the same work as before the revolt

__South America:__
 * center of the elaborate search for gold by the Spaniards
 * started after the conquest of the Incas in 1533 by Francisco Pizarro
 * Brazil was given to the Portuguese by the Treaty of Tordesillas and they set up plantations
 * Spanish constructed mines to dig out gold and silver
 * although they came for gold they found a large abundance of silver
 * created a draft system to take indigenous men out of their villages to work in the mines
 * mines had terrible conditions, many revolts and escapes were tried, but most were unsuccessful

Nice job =)

I would suggest... - using dates - making your bullets more sentence-like (I'm afarid people won't understand) ​ - organizing it more like - location (Africa, Asia/Oceania, New world) - who/ what was there initially (natives) - who came and colonized - social, cultural, and administrative patterns and implications

You have all the information already, so this is just my suggestion on how to make it easier to comprehend!

Creators: Olivia Lillegraven, Kyana Van Houten, Josh Williams

Evaluators: Eitan, Kaitlyn , Lauren, Lila , Hannah K.