D3.+Compare+reaction+to+foreign+interference+in+the+Ottoman+Empire,+and+China

Ottoman Empire:
 * __Military Decline:__
 * Suffered defeats on battlefield against Austria and Russia
 * Lagged behind modern European armies
 * Loss of military power effected power of central government
 * Independent rulers, such as governors or generals taking control of outer regions of empire
 * __Territorial Losses:__
 * Russia took Caucasus and areas in central Asia
 * Austria took most of Eastern Europe possessions
 * Greece and Serbia declared independence
 * Egypt is independent in all but name, British and French have large degree of control over it
 * __Economic Difficulties:__
 * Artisans and craft workers led urban riots to protest foreign imports
 * Depended on others for raw materials
 * Used foreign loans for railroads
 * __The Capitulations:__
 * Agreements that exempted European visitors from Ottoman law and provided European power with the right to exercise jurisdiction over own citizens
 * Economic penetration
 * tax-exempt banks
 * commercial enterprises
 * __Overall Result:__
 * Reforms and Reorganization:
 * Mahmud II
 * 1) New European style army
 * 2) Remodeled Ottoman institutions along Western European lines
 * 3) Created a system of secondary education for boys
 * 4) Tried to transfer power from elites to the sultan and his cabinet
 * taxing rural landlords
 * abolishing military land grants
 * undermining Islamic leadership
 * Tanzimat Era
 * 1) Altered Ottoman law to make it acceptable to Europeans
 * commercial code
 * penal code
 * maritime code
 * civil code
 * 1) Decrees for rights of subjects
 * public trial
 * rights of privacy
 * equality before law
 * Opposition to the Tanzimat
 * 1) Religious Conservatives
 * reforms posed threats to Islamic foundation of empire
 * exclusion of legal equalities of Jews/Christians contrary to Islamic law
 * 1) Some Minority leaders
 * feared it would diminish their own position as intermediates between their own community and Ottoman state
 * 1) Young Ottomans
 * wanted more individual freedom
 * local autonomy and political decentralization
 * wanted a constitutional government along the lines of British system - wanted it faster then Tanzimat were presenting
 * 1) High Level Bureaucrats
 * wanted to destroy the sultans power
 * Young Turk Era
 * 1) group of Ottoman bureaucrats seized power in 1876 in a coup
 * 2) formed a cabinet and appointed Abdul Hamid II as sultan (1876-1909)
 * reformers convinced Hamid to accept a constitution that limited his authority
 * 1) representative government
 * eventually got rid of government and set up a form of dictatorship
 * overthrown by Young Turks
 * 1) The Young Turks
 * most members not Turkish or young
 * founded in 1889
 * promoted reform strongly
 * wanted equality before law, freedom of religion, free public education, universal suffrage secularization of the state, and the emancipation of women
 * 1909 dethroned Abdul Hamid II
 * 1) established Mehmed V Rashid as a puppet sultan (1909-1918)

China:
 * Reaction to the Opium Trade and Wars:
 * Chinese government officials became aware of China's trade and drug addiction by the late 1830s
 * The Chinese government charged the incorruptible Lin Zexu in 1839 with the task of destroying the Opium Trade
 * China was then humiliated in the First Opium War against Great Britain
 * Reaction to the economic decline of China:
 * Various rebellions reflected the increased poverty of the country due to increased population and decreased agriculture
 * The Taiping rebellion was led by Hong Xiuquan in order to destroy the Qing Dynasty and radically transform Chinese society
 * Reactions in the form of Reforms:
 * The Self-Strengthening movement which focused on combining Chinese cultural traditions with European industrial technology helped establish an industrial foundation
 * The Hundred Day Reforms in 1898 was a movement to radically change China into a powerful modern industrial society
 * Reaction to Spheres of Influence:
 * The Boxer rebellion was an effort to rid China of foreigners that resulted in a punitive indemnity paid by the Chinese government and a two-year-old boy as emperor of China

Comparison:
 * Both the Ottoman Empire and China went through foreign interference in the form of Economics
 * The contact with Europeans spread ideas that clashed with traditions that resulted in social problems
 * Social problems led to reforms which changed government and policies to be more industrial friendly

Creators: Adam Angelino, Peri Curtis, Brian Turley Evaluators: Harley Ralph, Austin Taylor (Pretty good job. liked how you gave info that affected each empire and then made a comparison. Fixes: a couple of spelling), Natalie Grazian Evaluated By: Joe Kusters- some factual errors, word flow Loie Warren: Everything seemed correct nice work Lauren Bower: Fixed word choice to increase comprehension and fixed some spelling mistakes